GAFM GLOBAL ACADEMY OF FINANCE AND MANAGEMENT  ®

2.  Simplified Approach: While professional analysts may employ complex methods, individual investors can still conduct basic financial analysis to assess investment opportunities.

3.  Conservatism: Graham advises investors to err on the side of caution when making financial projections or assumptions.

Chapter 12: Things to Consider About Per-Share Earnings  

1.  Earnings Quality: Graham discusses the variability in per-share earnings and the importance of assessing the quality and sustainability of those earnings.

2.  Accounting Practices: Investors should be aware of how different accounting practices can impact reported earnings and should consider normalized earnings when making investment decisions.

Chapter 13: A Comparison of Four Listed Companies  

1.  Case Studies: Graham provides detailed case studies of four companies, illustrating how an investor can apply the principles of security analysis.

2.  Long-Term View: Investors should focus on a company's long-term fundamentals rather than short-term price movements.