GAFM GLOBAL ACADEMY OF FINANCE AND MANAGEMENT  ®

Chapter 17: Four Extremely Instructive Case Histories Graham presents four case studies of actual companies to illustrate various aspects of investing, including the pitfalls of speculation and the benefits of a long-term, value-focused approach. These real-world examples provide valuable lessons for investors, emphasizing the importance of thorough analysis and patience.

Chapter 18: The Defensive Investor and Common Stocks This chapter revisits the principles for the defensive investor, emphasizing a conservative approach and the importance of minimizing risk. Graham reinforces the idea that even conservative investors should not try to time the market but should instead focus on sound investment fundamentals.

Chapter 19: Portfolio Policy for the Enterprising Investor For enterprising investors, Graham discusses the portfolio policy and strategy. He emphasizes selectivity in stock choices, suggesting a more active and analytical approach to investing. Graham advises enterprising investors to take advantage of market fluctuations and opportunities for profit.

Chapter 20: "Margin of Safety" as the Central Concept of Investment In the final chapter, Graham reaffirms the concept of a "margin of safety" as the cornerstone of intelligent investing. He defines the margin of safety as the difference between the intrinsic value of a security and its market price. This margin acts as a buffer against unforeseen market fluctuations and risks, protecting investors from significant losses. Graham concludes by emphasizing that a margin of safety should be the central concept guiding all investment decisions.

Great Investors

Certainly, here are short bios of ten great investors:

1.  Warren Buffett